CI/CD
GitHub Actions, GitLab CI, Azure DevOps. Build → test → sign → deploy, gated by quality and security.
Cloud runtime
Azure, AWS, GCP. Right-sized, right-priced. Reserved capacity, spot instances, and autoscaling that actually saves money.
Infrastructure as code
Terraform, Pulumi, Bicep. Every environment reproducible, every change reviewed, every resource tagged.
Observability
Metrics, logs, traces on OpenTelemetry. SLOs and error budgets, alerts that page a human only when they should.
Deployment pipelines
Blue-green, canary, staged rollouts. Rollbacks in one click. Feature flags for separating deploy from release.
Incident response
On-call rotations, runbooks, postmortems. Incidents become upgrades to the system, not blame sessions.